任意の製品分析
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The biggest upside opportunity lies in a sharp cyclical rebound in North American residential housing turnover and commercial completions, coupled with aggressive market share gains in industrial Performance Coatings.
Prolonged North American housing stagnation and commercial construction freeze causing 5-year revenue CAGR to drop below 1.5%.
We assign a Sell rating to The Sherwin-Williams Company as its report-date price of $329.10 on September 25, 2026 trades at an unsustainable 114.2% premium over our Fair value of $153.67.4
Our house rating on Sherwin-Williams is Sell. For an individual investor, this rating indicates that the current equity valuation is disconnected from underlying fundamentals, creating severe asymmetric downside risk where capital is best preserved by exiting existing positions or avoiding new capital allocations.
The report was prepared at a price of $329.10 on September 25, 2026. This report-date price stands substantially above our Fair value of $153.67, representing an upside of -53.31%. Furthermore, even when evaluated against our Potential value of $176.13, which represents the high end of our valuation range under accelerated commercial share gains, the stock trades at an extended 86.9% premium.
The main risk that could challenge our Sell rating is a sharp, unexpected cyclical rebound in North American residential housing turnover and commercial repainting activity. If existing-home sales and residential completions accelerate well beyond current expectations, architectural paint volume across the store network would expand significantly above management's low-single-digit guidance. Investors would observe Paint Stores Group same-store sales accelerating into high single digits alongside robust operating margin expansion toward 17.5% through fixed-store operating leverage, lifting intrinsic valuation toward our Potential value of $176.13.5
Sherwin-Williams builds intrinsic value through its captive Paint Stores Group, which generated $13,605.9M in FY2025 revenue. Controlling more than 5,000 company-operated stores enables direct trade credit, job-site delivery, and precise custom tinting that lock in professional painting contractors who prioritize speed and reliability over paint price. This distribution moat generates consolidated gross margins of 48.85% and $3,451.6M in annual operating cash flow. However, because this earnings power is already fully recognized in our Fair value of $153.67, these operational strengths cannot support the prevailing market price of $329.10.4578
Paint Stores Group operates an exclusive, company-owned retail store network that generated $13,605.9M in FY2025, accounting for 57.7% of consolidated net sales. Direct control over distribution locks in commercial painting contractors through job-site delivery, custom trade credit terms, contractor bidding and management tools (ProPlus), and consistent color matching, creating substantial switching barriers that wholesale chemical suppliers and big-box retailers cannot replicate.78
Decades of brand leadership and technical coating formulation enable premium price realization across architectural lines, as demonstrated by the rollout of high-end lines such as Emerald Symmetry. Strong brand equity supports regular price increases, including the September architectural price increase, allowing consolidated gross margins to hold at 48.85%.57
The Performance Coatings Group generated $6,821.8M in FY2025. Its localized blending facilities are located in close physical proximity to industrial manufacturing clients, allowing rapid custom batch reformulation and delivery within days or weeks versus competitor lead times of months, securing premium price realization and high retention in general finishing and heavy equipment construction.58
We rate Sherwin-Williams a Sell because the market price of $329.10 incorporates overly aggressive long-term earnings growth expectations that stand far above the company's intrinsic Fair value of $153.67.4
The Company offers product warranties for certain products. The specific terms and conditions of such warranties vary depending on the product or customer contract requirements.
Management estimated the costs of unsettled product warranty claims based on historical results and experience and included an amount in Other accruals. The Company offers assurance-type product warranties for certain products.
A severe joint stress test models a confluence of macro and micro headwinds: persistent North American housing stagnation depressing existing-home turnover and architectural repaint volumes, compounding raw material cost inflation across petrochemical resins, monomers, and titanium dioxide, and refinancing hurdles on $15,031.7M in total debt. In this scenario, Paint Stores Group volume contracts as commercial painters face delayed project starts and tight contractor credit, while DIY retail demand remains subdued. Concurrently, input cost increases cannot be fully offset due to competitive price elasticity, compressing consolidated operating margins from 16.15% toward 13.50%. Fixed operating leverage inherent in maintaining over 5,000 captive retail stores magnifies top-line deceleration, reducing operating cash flow conversion. Under higher debt refinancing costs at an elevated pre-tax cost of debt of 5.83% and a strict cost of equity of 9.74%, discretionary capital return through share repurchases ceases, and market multiples contract toward industrial peer levels of 17.0x-18.0x P/E, driving intrinsic equity value substantially below current trading levels.
Paint Stores Group revenue of $13,605.9M depends on residential turnover and completions, which face ongoing softness. An extended freeze triggers top-line deceleration 5 percentage points below forecast.58
投資判断を弱める5つの変化です。
Sherwin-Williams commands an elite Wide economic moat anchored by its fully integrated downstream retail distribution model. Unlike traditional chemical and specialty materials peers that rely on independent distributors, wholesale channels, or big-box retailers, Sherwin-Williams distributes the majority of its architectural coatings through more than 5,000 company-operated stores in the Paint Stores Group. In FY2025, Paint Stores Group generated $13,605.9M in revenue, representing 57.7% of total consolidated sales of $23,574.3M. This captive footprint creates high switching costs for professional painting contractors who depend on store proximity, early morning opening hours, dedicated job-site delivery, specialized trade credit, and customized digital bidding tools via the ProPlus platform. Contractors develop operational routines centered on specific store branches, making supplier substitution costly in terms of project scheduling and color tinting precision.
The company's competitive advantage extends into industrial specialty coatings through its Performance Coatings Group, which produced $6,821.8M in net sales in FY2025. In industrial coatings, turnaround speed and batch agility serve as critical customer retention drivers. Operating a decentralized network of regional blending facilities located close to customer assembly plants enables Sherwin-Williams to reformulate and deliver custom batches in days or weeks, whereas larger centralized competitors often require several months. This agility converts potential logistical supply bottlenecks into durable switching barriers, enabling surgical pricing implementation and share gains across general industrial, coil, and heavy equipment markets.
These structural advantages generate industry-leading economic profit spreads. Sherwin-Williams delivers an ROIC of 19.87%, substantially exceeding its computed WACC of 8.7545% and moderate cost of equity of 9.5556%. In contrast to wholesale specialty chemical peers such as Air Products & Chemicals (APD), which generates a gross margin of 32.06%, Sherwin-Williams achieved a consolidated gross margin of 48.85% ($11,515.5M gross profit), capturing both manufacturing and retail markups. Furthermore, operating cash flow conversion is exceptional at $3,451.6M relative to net income of $2,568.5M. The captive network's high customer retention and ongoing store additions—with 80 to 100 net new stores planned annually beginning next year —ensure that the moat remains robust across the 10-year stage I horizon.
Sherwin-Williams generates an ROIC of 19.87%, substantially exceeding its computed WACC of 8.7545% and moderate cost of equity of 9.5556% by over 1,000 basis points. This substantial spread demonstrates wide-moat economic value creation sustained by captive distribution pricing power and premium product formulation, generating $11,515.5M in gross profit (48.85% gross margin) on $23,574.3M net sales.27
Each lens answers a different valuation question. Only included lenses set Fair value; floors and diagnostics provide context.
The highlighted cell is Fair value when every assumption sits at its base level ($153.67). Each row and column shows what Fair value becomes when one assumption moves.
Free cash flow to the firm stays positive in the first projected year at $2.4B after modeled reinvestment of $790.2M, with terminal value at 76.6% of enterprise value. A sudden drop in free cash flow is not projected unless capital spending relative to revenue, reinvestment, or gross margin resets materially.
Under the base path, Sherwin-Williams maintains steady volume growth across its captive store network, capitalizing on commercial contractor loyalty to outpace broader residential construction completions. While operational execution remains solid, the target price of $153.67 at a 55.0% probability implies a -53.3% return from the share price at $329.10 (as of 2026-09-25), reflecting significant market multiple compression toward Fair value $153.67.
Even with operational upside, the share price at $329.10 trades at a substantial premium to Fair value $153.67, meaning fundamental beats are already fully priced into the shares.
Meeting base expectations leaves the stock vulnerable to valuation multiple compression, as the price at $329.10 exceeds Fair value $153.67.
Operational misses would accelerate valuation multiple compression toward cyclical peers as market participants reassess premium valuation against elevated debt levels.
Earnings quality is supported by healthy cash conversion where operating cash flow exceeds net income. Working capital management remains disciplined with inventory levels controlled relative to seasonal contractor demand. However, operating earnings durability faces headwinds from rising raw material feedstock costs and the lag in realizing architectural price adjustments across customer contracts.
Measures organic volume demand from commercial painting contractors, indicating whether revenue gains represent genuine market share expansion or merely price inflation.
Operating cash flow was robust at $3,451.6M in FY2025, delivering an exceptional 1.34x conversion ratio relative to GAAP net income of $2,568.5M. Free cash flow reached $2,654.0M after deducting capital expenditures of $797.6M. Cash flow conversion benefits from tight working capital discipline and high inventory turns across the captive store network, although second-half working capital demands typically rise during peak exterior painting season and inventory pre-builds ahead of raw material cost inflation.67
Sherwin-Williams' capital allocation strategy balances network expansion, maintenance reinvestment, dividend payments, and debt obligations. in FY2025 was $797.6M (3.38% of net sales), with normalized estimated at 80% ($638.1M) to support existing store fleet and blending facilities, while growth funds 80 to 100 net new store openings annually. Dividends totaled $3.20 per share, while discretionary share repurchases deploy excess . However, total balance-sheet debt of $15,031.7M under a pre-tax of 5.83% will require dedicated debt service and refinancing allocations over the 2027-2029 maturity window, moderating velocity.
Sherwin-Williams generates an ROIC of 19.87%, demonstrating superior capital efficiency. The company's high ROIC is sustained by the high sales density of its captive retail stores, strong brand pricing power that preserves 48.85% gross margins, and rapid working capital turnover. Over the past decade, operating margins have demonstrated resilience, averaging over 16.0% despite intermittent raw material shocks.
ROIC of 19.87% substantially exceeds the computed WACC of 8.7545% by 1,112 basis points, and exceeds the moderate cost of equity of 9.5556% by 1,031 basis points, verifying exceptional economic value creation.
| 売上高 | $6,789,300,000 |
|---|---|
| 売上原価 | $3,451,300,000 |
| 売上総利益 | $3,338,000,000 |
| 営業費用 | $2,107,100,000 |
| 営業利益 | $1,230,900,000 |
| 営業外項目および税金 | -$387,300,000 |
| 純利益 | $843,600,000 |
| 総資産 | $25,901,700,000 |
|---|---|
| 現金 | $207,200,000 |
| 流動資産 | $6,007,400,000 |
| 負債合計 | $21,303,400,000 |
| 流動負債 | $6,920,300,000 |
| 株主資本 | $4,598,300,000 |
| 純利益 | $2,568,500,000 |
|---|---|
| 営業キャッシュ流入 | $3,451,600,000 |
| 減価償却費 | $676,900,000 |
| 株式報酬 | $123,500,000 |
| その他の営業調整 | $82,700,000 |
| 営業キャッシュフロー | $3,451,600,000 |
| 利用可能現金 | $3,662,000,000 |
| 期首現金 | $210,400,000 |
| 投資キャッシュ流出 | $2,066,300,000 |
| 設備投資 | $797,600,000 |
| その他の投資活動 | $1,268,700,000 |
| 財務キャッシュ流出 | $1,378,600,000 |
| 為替レートの影響 | $9,900,000 |
| 期末現金 | $207,200,000 |
| 投資キャッシュフロー | -$2,066,300,000 |
| 財務キャッシュフロー | -$1,378,600,000 |
| 事業カテゴリー別売上高 | 売上高 | 構成比 | 前年比 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cost of | 34.5億 | 50.8% | — |
| Other | 33.4億 | 49.2% | — |
2026-09-27の分析で使用した時点財務データ。
| 期間 | 売上高 | EBITDA | 純利益 | 営業キャッシュフロー | フリーキャッシュフロー | 設備投資 | 減価償却費 | 株式報酬 | 自社株買い | 支払配当金 | 純有利子負債調達 | 投資キャッシュフロー | 財務キャッシュフロー | 期首現金 | 期末現金 | 現金および投資 | 総負債 | 営業利益率 | ROIC | WACC | ROIC−WACCスプレッド |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-12-31 | $118.6億 | $19.5億 | $11.3億 | $13.1億 | $10.7億 | $2.4億 | $2億 | $7210.9万 | — | $3.1億 | — | -$3億 | -$3.1億 | — | $8.9億 | $8.9億 | $19.5億 | 18.3% | — | 5.6% | — |
| 2017-12-31 | $149.8億 | $22.2億 | $17.3億 | $18.8億 | $16.6億 | $2.2億 | $4.9億 | $9030万 | — | $3.2億 | — | -$90.5億 | $65.1億 | $8.9億 | $2億 | $2億 | $98.9億 | 14.9% | — | 5.0% | — |
| 2018-12-31 | $175.3億 | $23.2億 | $11.1億 | $19.4億 | $16.9億 | $2.5億 | $6億 | $8260万 | — | $3.2億 | — | -$2.5億 | -$17.5億 | $2億 | $1.6億 | $1.6億 | $90.2億 | 14.9% | — | 5.2% | — |
| 2019-12-31 | $179億 | $29.1億 | $15.4億 | $23.2億 | $19.9億 | $3.3億 | $5.7億 | $1億 | — | $4.2億 | — | -$4.6億 | -$18.5億 | $1.6億 | $1.6億 | $1.6億 | $84.8億 | 15.7% | — | 5.6% | — |
| 2020-12-31 | $183.6億 | $34.4億 | $20.3億 | $34.1億 | $31億 | $3億 | $5.8億 | $9590万 | — | $4.9億 | — | -$3.2億 | -$30.2億 | $1.6億 | $2.3億 | $2.3億 | $82.9億 | 18.4% | — | 4.7% | — |
| 2021-12-31 | $199.4億 | $31.6億 | $18.6億 | $22.4億 | $18.7億 | $3.7億 | $5.7億 | $9770万 | — | $5.9億 | — | -$4.8億 | -$18.3億 | $2.3億 | $1.7億 | $1.7億 | $88.5億 | 15.5% | — | 5.3% | — |
| 2022-12-31 | $221.5億 | $35.5億 | $20.2億 | $19.2億 | $12.8億 | $6.4億 | $5.8億 | $9970万 | $8.8億 | $6.2億 | $11.5億 | -$16.1億 | -$2.8億 | $1.7億 | $2億 | $2億 | $95.9億 | 15.3% | — | 7.6% | — |
| 2023-12-31 | $230.5億 | $36.9億 | $23.9億 | $35.2億 | $26.3億 | $8.9億 | $6.2億 | $1.2億 | $14.3億 | $6.2億 | -$4.3億 | -$10.4億 | -$24.2億 | $2億 | $2.8億 | $2.8億 | $94.8億 | 18.1% | — | 7.8% | — |
| 2024-12-31 | $231億 | $44.9億 | $26.8億 | $31.5億 | $20.8億 | $10.7億 | $6.2億 | $1.4億 | $17.4億 | $7.2億 | $2.7億 | -$12億 | -$20.2億 | $2.8億 | $2.1億 | $2.1億 | $92.3億 | 16.3% | — | 8.5% | — |
| 2025-12-31 | $235.7億 | $44億 | $25.7億 | $34.5億 | $26.5億 | $8億 | $6.8億 | $1.2億 | $16.6億 | $7.9億 | $10.1億 | -$20.7億 | -$13.8億 | $2.1億 | $2.1億 | $2.1億 | $96.7億 | 16.1% | — | 7.7% | — |
The Sherwin-Williams Company (SHW) trades at 23.8x forward earnings against a peer median of 21.8x. Its EV/EBITDA of 20.0x compares with a peer median of 17.6x. The comparison uses 4 peers: Linde plc, Ecolab Inc., Air Products and Chemicals Inc. and Freeport-McMoRan Inc., as of 2026-09-27.
The specialty materials industry exhibits a capex-to-depreciation ratio of 1.55x and capex-to-revenue ratio of 4.10%. Sherwin-Williams maintains disciplined capital additions with FY2025 capex of $797.6M on revenue of $23,574.3M (3.38% of sales), alongside depreciation of $676.9M (capex/depreciation of 1.18x). Broader chemical industry capex indicates late-cycle capacity expansion, while architectural coatings demand faces demand-led cyclical contraction.7
A bull cycle is characterized by accelerating residential real estate turnover, lower mortgage rates spurring existing-home sales and remodel activity, robust non-residential commercial building maintenance, and expansion in industrial manufacturing. In this environment, paint gallon volume demand expands strongly, allowing coatings manufacturers to achieve operating leverage across captive retail store networks, push through positive price/mix realization, and expand operating margins.
A bear cycle in architectural and industrial coatings is triggered by prolonged high mortgage interest rates that lock homeowners in place, causing North American existing-home sales and residential remodel turnover to stagnate. Under this regime, commercial project completions slow, DIY demand weakens, and industrial original equipment manufacturing contracts. Concurrently, petrochemical supply shocks drive up input costs for resins, monomers, and pigments, resulting in margin contraction as fixed retail store operating expenses deleverage.
Sherwin-Williams is positioned at the pinnacle of the architectural coatings industry in North America through its captive network of over 5,000 Paint Stores, insulating the company from upstream chemical commodity swings and downstream big-box retailer margin squeeze. By controlling retail distribution directly, Sherwin-Williams captures both manufacturing and retail distribution margins, allowing it to sustain 48.85% gross margins and outperform underlying market demand by 1.5x to 2x. In industrial coatings, localized blending infrastructure provides unmatched speed, positioning the firm to take share from larger, slower competitors during industrial demand recovery.57
With the investment committee establishing a Sell rating and the share price trading at a 114.2% premium to synthesized Fair value of $153.67 relative to the analysis price of $329.10, zero capital allocation is recommended.4
Risk management requires immediate capital preservation. Sherwin-Williams is an exceptionally well-run business with a Wide economic moat, but its current market valuation prices in unattainable perpetual growth and multiple permanence. Investors should eliminate equity exposure and avoid dip-buying until the market multiple reconciles with cyclical reality.
Trading at a 114.2% premium to our Fair value of $153.67 and a forward P/E of 23.75x, the stock offers negative margin of safety and significant downside risk.4
Even assuming consensus FY2027 diluted EPS of $13.60, the implied 10-year EPS growth hurdle embedded in the $329.10 share price is 12.83% annually, which is nearly 10 percentage points above historical revenue growth of 2.10%.14
A low current dividend payout of $3.20 per share yields less than 1.0% on the report-date price of $329.10, while total debt of $15.03B requires debt service prioritization over dividend acceleration.4
Sell existing positions and avoid initiating new capital commitments in Sherwin-Williams. At the report-date price of $329.10 on September 25, 2026, the equity trades at an extreme 114.2% premium over our Fair value of $153.67, offering an upside of -53.31%.4
While Sherwin-Williams possesses an exceptional competitive moat anchored by its captive Paint Stores Group and achieves a superior 19.87% ROIC, current market pricing discounts unrealistically aggressive long-term compound growth that leaves zero margin of safety against cyclical housing slowdowns or raw material inflation headwinds.
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The records this analysis drew on, as they stood when it was run.
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The downside scenario reflects a prolonged stagnation in North American residential real estate turnover combined with rising petrochemical input costs that cannot be fully offset through contractor pricing. High debt levels and operating deleverage across the captive store network contract profitability, causing market multiples to compress toward specialty chemical peer levels.
Operating margins dropped to 14.89% in 2018. With management raising inflation outlook and price hikes delayed to September, input cost spikes reduce operating margin by 300 bps below the 16.15% current level.45
Peers with significant industrial exposure trade at 17.46x (FCX) and 19.52x (APD). High debt of $15,031.7M and moderating growth compress SHW's terminal multiple by 20% from the assumed 21.0x.4
Risk-free rate is 5.18%, pre-tax cost of debt is 5.83%, and computed Ke strict is 9.74%. A 200 bps increase in discount rates across WACC and Ke significantly degrades discounted cash flow and earnings valuations.2
Raw material feedstock inflation outstripping contractor pricing power and fixed-cost store operating deleverage.
現在:16.15% in FY2025
警戒条件Below 13.50% in any trailing 12-month period
Petrochemical resin, monomer, and titanium dioxide inflation squeeze with contractor pushback against price hikes.
現在:48.85% ($11,515.5M gross profit on $23,574.3M revenue) in FY2025
警戒条件Below 46.00% in any trailing 12-month period
Elevated balance-sheet refinancing strain and rising interest expense under a higher-for-longer interest rate regime.
現在:$15,031.7M total debt as of September 27, 2026
Severe erosion of the economic profit spread above WACC of 8.7545% and moderate Ke of 9.5556%, signaling structural moat decay.
現在:19.87% in FY2025
警戒条件Below 12.00% in any trailing 12-month period
| medium |
| 6-12 months |
| Demonstrated pricing power through disciplined price hikes, including the September architectural increase and surgical industrial contract indexing.5 |
| Big-box home improvement retailers expanding pro-contractor discount programs and exclusive private-label architectural coatings. | low | 24-36 months | Maintaining strategic partnerships with select big-box retailers (Lowe's, Menards) for dedicated consumer lines while focusing core capital investments on proprietary store contractor services.5 |
Under the moderate discount rate, $83.73 comes from forecast-period earnings and $82.73 from the long-term value, totaling $166.
Project EPS through the explicit advantage period, fade growth as competition catches up, and discount the full stream at cost of equity.
Apply a terminal P/E to the dated forward EPS path, then discount that future share value back to the analysis date.
Convert the revenue and margin path into after-tax free cash flow, discount the annual per-share amounts and terminal value at WACC, then adjust for signed net debt per current share.
Solve for the growth rate that makes the model value equal the report-date share price.
Multiply the peer median PEG by this stock's forecast growth to derive an implied forward P/E, then apply it to forward EPS.
In the bull path, a sharp recovery in North American housing turnover drives surging architectural repaint demand, while the Performance Coatings Group accelerates industrial account wins through rapid local blending batch delivery. Supported by expanding operating margins and accelerated capital returns, the target price reaches $176.13 with a 20.0% probability, yielding a -46.5% return compared to the share price at $329.10 (as of 2026-09-25).
Price realization protects operating profit margins and reveals contractor price tolerance during housing market turnover softness.
Demonstrates industrial moat strength by converting rapid delivery and color matching into premium pricing and market share.
Cash flow generation supports store network additions, working capital reinvestment, and debt service amidst elevated borrowing rates.
| $27.36B |
| $28.40B |
| $29.40B |
| Revenue growth | 6.6% | 4.5% | 4.2% | 3.8% | 3.5% |
| Operating margin | 16.3% | 16.5% | 16.6% | 16.7% | 16.8% |
| Operating income | $4.10B | $4.33B | $4.54B | $4.74B | $4.94B |
| Tax rate | 22.8% | 22.8% | 22.8% | 22.8% | 22.8% |
| NOPAT | $3.16B | $3.34B | $3.50B | $3.66B | $3.81B |
| Reinvestment | $790.24M | $802.41M | $806.13M | $805.21M | $762.16M |
| Reinvestment rate (of NOPAT) | 25.0% | 24.0% | 23.0% | 22.0% | 20.0% |
| Free cash flow to firm | $2.37B | $2.54B | $2.70B | $2.85B | $3.05B |
| Paint Stores Group revenue | $14.50B | $15.16B | $15.79B | $16.39B | $16.97B |
| Consumer Brands Group revenue | $9.12B | $9.53B | $9.93B | $10.31B | $10.67B |
| Performance Coatings Group revenue | $7.27B | $7.60B | $7.92B | $8.22B | $8.51B |
| Terminal growth | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 2.8% |
Paint Stores Group delivered $13,605.9M in revenue (57.7% of total sales), supporting consolidated gross profit of $11,515.5M (48.85% gross margin).
Direct retail distribution captures retail markup that chemical peers concede to third-party distributors, insulating consolidated profitability from commodity cost swings.
Operating cash flow of $3,451.6M exceeded net income of $2,568.5M by $883.1M in FY2025, yielding a conversion rate of 134.4%.
High-quality cash generation fully funds annual capex requirements of $797.6M and sustains discretionary capital returns across economic cycles.
Total debt of $15,031.7M as of September 27, 2026 carries a pre-tax cost of debt of 5.83% with debt weighting at 15.84%.
Refinancing upcoming debt maturities in a higher-for-longer rate environment will increase annual interest expense, capping equity multiple expansion relative to chemical peers.
| マージン |
|---|
| SHW | The Sherwin-Williams Company | $79.9B | 23.8x | 3.3x | 20.0x | 65.1% | — |
| LIN | Linde plc | $216.6B | 24.0x | 6.1x | 17.5x | 18.4% | 28.1% |
| ECL | Ecolab Inc. | $78.3B | 29.7x | 4.7x | 21.1x | 22.0% | 18.5% |
| APD | Air Products and Chemicals Inc. | $62.7B | 19.5x | 5.0x | 17.8x | 0.0% | 25.5% |
| FCX | Freeport-McMoRan Inc. | $103.8B | 17.5x | 4.0x | 12.8x | 14.8% | 33.4% |
| Regulatory transition toward low-VOC and sustainable waterborne chemical formulations | positive | Tightening environmental regulations regarding volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and chemical solvents favor large-scale formulators with extensive R&D capabilities capable of engineering compliant, high-durability waterborne coatings. |
| Below 13.50% in any trailing 12-month period |
| Acknowledge failure of price realization against raw material cost inflation and lower normalized operating margin assumptions. |
| Consolidated gross margin | Below 46.00% | Validate acute petrochemical feedstock pressure and contractor pushback, trimming DCF cash flow forecasts. |
| Net Debt to EBITDA | Exceeding 3.0x | Reassess balance sheet refinancing risk under higher-for-longer borrowing rates and elevate discount rate assumptions. |
