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The difference is consistency and independence. We apply the same versioned research framework across coverage, avoid banking or paid-rating conflicts, and publish the assumptions readers need without exposing proprietary implementation details.

Every covered stock gets a brand-new monthly report. We do not roll forward last month's numbers, and we do not patch reports between cycles. The "Analyzed" date and "Next update" date are shown at the top of every report.

Fair value is an evidence-backed range, not a promise. We triangulate through multiple valuation lenses and show confidence, risk, and sensitivity so readers can see where the conclusion is robust and where it is fragile.

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Audited financial statements, regulatory filings, exchange feeds, and licensed pricing/macro data. We do not scrape forums, message boards, or social sentiment as inputs. The cost-of-capital build uses local risk-free rates by jurisdiction.

Numbers are reported in the company's primary listing currency. Cost of equity uses the local risk-free rate. Cross-listed names show the primary exchange in the report header.