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FY2027 revenue and diluted EPS near the upper forecast ranges, combined with continued share reduction, would support slower earnings fade and higher value per share.
FY2027 diluted EPS falls below $23.92.
Sell. At the $358.64 report-date price, JPM stands above $275.50 Fair value and $316.94 Potential value.4
The main risk is that FY2027 diluted EPS falls below $23.92. That would turn normalization into contraction and reduce value per share.1
The clearest upside is a durable FY2026 earnings base. FY2027 revenue and diluted EPS near their upper ranges, with continued share reduction, would slow the fade.
The favorable path is demand-led: stronger banking activity and pricing keep revenue positive while margins remain firm. FY2027 revenue expectations still allow outcomes above the central path.1
Sell because the report-date price exceeds the accepted value range while earnings visibility fades after FY2027.1
Sell because the report-date price exceeds the accepted value range while earnings visibility fades after FY2027.1
JPMorganChase operates in a highly competitive environment in which it must constantly adapt to changes in financial regulation, technological advances and economic conditions. JPMorganChase expects that competition in the financial services industry will remain intense, with new competitors in the financial services industry continuing to emerge. For example, technological advances and the growth of e-commerce have made it possible for non-depository institutions to offer products and services that traditionally were banking products. Credit risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer. The Firm provides credit to a variety of clients and customers, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to individual consumers and small businesses.
In its consumer businesses, the Firm is exposed to credit risk primarily through its home lending, credit card, auto, and business banking businesses. The credit card portfolio segment includes credit card loans originated and purchased by the Firm.
The clearest failure path combines weaker FY2027 earnings, lower margins, and a smaller price paid for each dollar of earnings. Buybacks would not offset that operating decline.
This path turns normalization into contraction. It is disconfirmed if FY2027 revenue stays positive, diluted EPS returns above the range floor, and share reduction continues.
If FY2027 diluted EPS falls below $23.92 within 16 months, normalization becomes contraction and the earnings base weakens. Recovery requires EPS above that floor and positive revenue growth.1
The five developments that would weaken our investment case.
The reset would have failed to carry into the next year, turning normalization into contraction and reducing earnings available per share.
Current:$25.01 mean for FY2027, observed 2026-09-08
Alert ifBelow $23.92 in FY2027
The evidence supports scale and broad geography as present outcomes, but not a qualifying source of switching costs, network effects, cost advantage, or efficient scale. The moat rating is therefore None.
Direct banks are relevant because they compete for loans, deposits, and relationships. Payment businesses are imperfect comparisons because their margins and multiples reflect network economics rather than full-bank economics.
FY2025 net income was positive, but profitability is an outcome rather than a moat source.5
Each lens answers a different valuation question. Only included lenses set Fair value; floors and diagnostics provide context.
Apply a terminal P/E to the dated forward path, then discount that future share value back to the analysis date.
None of the valuation methods used to calculate Fair value relies on a separate assumption about how long the competitive advantage lasts.
The highlighted cell is Fair value when every assumption sits at its base level ($275.50). Each row and column shows what Fair value becomes when one assumption moves.
Free cash flow to the firm stays positive in the first projected year at $66.1B after modeled capex of $0, with terminal value at 41.2% of enterprise value. A sudden drop in free cash flow is not projected unless capital spending relative to revenue, reinvestment, or gross margin resets materially.
This outcome assumes the earnings reset holds, growth normalizes in FY2027, and the geographic revenue mix remains broadly stable. Results near central FY2027 forecasts would support this outlook.
A beat matters only if stronger revenue and earnings persist into FY2027 without margin erosion or a rising share count.
Results matching the central path still imply rapid normalization after the FY2026 reset.
Contraction or rising shares would weaken both operating earnings and earnings per share.
Reported bank operating cash flow is dominated by balance-sheet movements, so it should not be read like industrial cash flow. FY2025 net income remained positive despite negative reported operating cash flow.5
A break below the range floor would turn normalization into contraction and reduce value per share.1
FY2025 reported operating cash flow was negative $147.78 billion despite positive net income. Bank funding, lending, and securities movements make this an unreliable industrial cash-generation measure.5
The falling diluted share count supports the repurchase mechanism, but repurchases consume capital and cannot replace durable profit. Diluted shares at or above 2.85 billion in FY2027 would remove that support.
Return on invested capital is not established for this regulated bank. FY2025 net income was $57.05 billion, but that does not supply a comparable invested-capital return series.
No admissible return-on-invested-capital comparison is available. The supplied 12.5521% blended capital cost is retained only for enterprise-value diagnostics.
FY2027 forecasts average $213.20 billion of revenue and $25.01 diluted EPS as of 2026-09-08.
The earnings case has dated support through FY2027, while later growth requires extrapolation.
Diluted-average shares fell from 2.9431 billion in FY2023 to 2.7815 billion in FY2025.
Continued reductions can let earnings per share grow faster than net income.
| Revenue | $182,447,000,000 |
|---|---|
| Cost of revenue | $14,840,000,000 |
| Gross profit | $167,607,000,000 |
| Operating expenses | $95,012,000,000 |
| Operating income | $72,595,000,000 |
| Non-operating items and tax | -$15,547,000,000 |
| Net income | $57,048,000,000 |
| Total assets | $4,424,900,000,000 |
|---|---|
| Cash | $343,338,000,000 |
| Current assets | $962,135,000,000 |
| Total liabilities | $4,062,462,000,000 |
| Current liabilities | $64,776,000,000 |
| Shareholders’ equity | $362,438,000,000 |
| Net income | $49,552,000,000 |
|---|---|
| Operating inflow | $60,181,000,000 |
| Depreciation and amortization | $7,512,000,000 |
| Stock-based compensation | $3,117,000,000 |
| Operating cash flow | $12,974,000,000 |
| Operating outflow | $47,207,000,000 |
| Cash available | $649,722,000,000 |
| Beginning cash | $567,234,000,000 |
| Investing inflow | $67,643,000,000 |
| Exchange-rate effect | $1,871,000,000 |
| Financing outflow | $25,571,000,000 |
| Net debt issuance | $8,603,000,000 |
| Share repurchases | $9,824,000,000 |
| Dividends paid | $13,463,000,000 |
| Other financing activities | $10,887,000,000 |
| Ending cash | $624,151,000,000 |
| Investing cash flow | $67,643,000,000 |
| Financing cash flow | -$25,571,000,000 |
Source: SEC EDGAR · Filed 2026-02-13 · SEC EDGAR
| Revenue by geography | Revenue | Share | YoY |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | $139.7B | 76.6% | 0.3% |
| EMEA | $24.5B | 13.4% | 9.5% |
| Asia Pacific | $14.1B | 7.7% | 17.3% |
| Latin America | $4.2B | 2.3% | 8.5% |
Point-in-time financial data used in the 2026-09-08 analysis.
| Period | Revenue | EBITDA | Net income | Operating cash flow | Free cash flow | Capex | Depreciation and amortization | Stock-based compensation | Share repurchases | Dividends paid | Net debt issuance | Investing cash flow | Financing cash flow | Beginning cash | Ending cash | Cash and investments | Total debt | Operating margin | ROIC | WACC | ROIC − WACC spread |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-12-31 | $96.6B | $40B | $24.7B | $21.9B | $21.9B | $0 | $5.5B | $1.9B | $9.1B | $8.5B | — | -$89.2B | $98.3B | — | $391.2B | $630B | $495.4B | 35.8% | — | — | — |
| 2017-12-31 | $100.7B | $42.1B | $24.4B | -$10.8B | -$10.8B | $0 | $6.2B | $2.1B | $15.4B | $9B | — | $28.2B | $14.6B | $391.2B | $431.3B | $633.5B | $494.8B | 35.6% | — | — | — |
| 2018-12-31 | $108.8B | $48.6B | $32.5B | $15.6B | $15.6B | $0 | $7.8B | $2.3B | $20B | $10.1B | — | -$199.4B | $34.2B | $431.3B | $278.8B | $509.2B | $533.6B | 37.5% | — | — | — |
| 2019-12-31 | $115.7B | $53.2B | $36.4B | $4.1B | $4.1B | $0 | $8.4B | $2.3B | $24B | $12.3B | — | -$52.1B | $33B | $278.8B | $263.6B | $604B | $516.1B | 38.8% | — | — | — |
| 2020-12-31 | $120B | $44.4B | $29.1B | -$79.9B | -$79.9B | $0 | $8.6B | $2.5B | $6.5B | $12.7B | — | -$261.9B | $596.6B | $263.6B | $527.6B | $883.6B | $542.1B | 29.9% | — | — | — |
| 2021-12-31 | $121.6B | $67.5B | $48.3B | $78.1B | $78.1B | $0 | $7.9B | $2.9B | $18.4B | $12.9B | — | -$129.3B | $276B | $527.6B | $740.8B | $1T | $548.9B | 49.0% | — | 3.3% | — |
| 2022-12-31 | $128.7B | $53.2B | $37.7B | $107.1B | $107.1B | $0 | $7.1B | $2.8B | $3.2B | $13.6B | $23.9B | -$137.8B | -$126.3B | $740.8B | $567.2B | $763.9B | $542.5B | 35.9% | — | 6.8% | — |
| 2023-12-31 | $158.1B | $69.1B | $49.6B | $13B | $11.7B | $1.3B | $7.5B | $3.1B | $9.8B | $13.5B | $8.6B | $67.6B | -$25.6B | $567.2B | $624.2B | $816.6B | $653.1B | 39.0% | — | 9.7% | — |
| 2024-12-31 | $177.6B | $83B | $58.5B | -$42B | -$42B | $0 | $7.9B | $3.5B | $18.8B | $14.8B | $20.7B | -$163.4B | $63.4B | $624.2B | $469.3B | $1.7T | $751.1B | 42.3% | — | 10.0% | — |
| 2025-12-31 | $182.4B | $81.4B | $57B | -$147.8B | -$147.8B | $0 | $8.8B | $3.6B | $31.6B | $16.6B | $22.1B | -$265.6B | $269.5B | $469.3B | $343.3B | $850.5B | $500B | 39.8% | — | 9.4% | — |
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) trades at 14.5x forward earnings against a peer median of 18.4x. The comparison uses 4 peers: Visa Inc., Mastercard Incorporated, Bank of America Corporation and Wells Fargo & Company, as of 2026-09-07 to 2026-09-08.
The industry benchmark reports capital spending at 1.8% of revenue, but bank capacity, supply, and lead-time evidence is not established.
The favorable path is demand-led: stronger banking activity and pricing keep revenue positive while margins remain firm. FY2027 revenue expectations still allow outcomes above the central path.
The adverse path is also demand-led. Slower activity, deposit and loan pricing pressure, or higher credit-cycle expense could turn FY2027 normalization into contraction.
Geographic breadth provides diversification context, but North America remained the largest disclosed region in FY2025.6
Reduce exposure rather than maintain a full position. The report-date price is above Potential value, while visibility after FY2027 depends on extrapolated growth, margins, and share reduction.4
Keep exposure below a full position and reduce on strength while price exceeds Potential value. Do not rely on bank operating cash flow as an industrial liquidity measure.
The $358.64 report-date price exceeds $275.50 Fair value and $316.94 Potential value.4
FY2027 forecasts still support positive revenue and diluted EPS, but the path normalizes sharply after the FY2026 reset.1
Margin compression, dilution reversal, or a lower valuation paid for future earnings can impair value without a balance-sheet failure.
Sell at the report-date price because it stands above both Fair value and Potential value.
The bank remains profitable, but the valuation requires more earnings duration and structural protection than the evidence supports.
Capture your own thesis, position size, and follow-up questions. Stays on this device, only you can see it.
The records this analysis drew on, as they stood when it was run.
Not every cited input appears here: internal calculations and intermediate model outputs have no external record, and some citations could not be matched to one.
A cost of equity above 10.7791% within 12 months reduces the present value of future residual earnings and dividends. Recovery requires lower market risk or stronger forecast returns.2
Competitive pricing, funding costs, or credit expenses push provider-adjusted operating margin below 33.79% for two fiscal years. Profit and value per share fall unless margins recover.
If investors pay below 10.4 times forward earnings within 36 months, the assumed quality premium has failed. Recovery requires durable returns and margins above direct-bank economics.3
A rising denominator would remove the repurchase benefit, causing earnings per share to lag net income and weakening capital returns per share.
Current:2.658186 billion outstanding on 2026-09-08
Alert ifAt or above 2.85 billion in FY2027
Sustained compression would show that pricing, funding, or credit costs are overwhelming revenue gains and would weaken earnings and the bank's valuation premium.
Current:31.0% year-five forecast path
Alert ifBelow 27% for two consecutive fiscal years
Regional weakness would reduce the diversification benefit and require a lower consolidated revenue path rather than assuming resilience from one reported year.
Current:$24.48 billion in FY2025
Alert ifBelow $20 billion in FY2027
Lower pricing or higher funding and credit costs would reduce operating profit before any share-count benefit, weakening both earnings and value per share.
Current:39.0% explicit forecast path
Alert ifBelow 33.79% for two fiscal years
| Payment networks can retain economics that limit adjacent fee capture. | medium | Medium term | Treat payment businesses as competitive context, not interchangeable valuation peers. |
Use book value per share with normalized ROE, cost of equity, and terminal growth to derive a justified price-to-book value.
Discount the explicit dividend path and its Gordon-growth terminal value at cost of equity.
Limitation: Terminal value is 77% of this model's value, above the 60% level at which the methodology flags concentration; the value leans on the years beyond the explicit forecast.
Solve for the growth rate that makes the model value equal the report-date share price.
This outcome requires FY2027 revenue and diluted EPS near the upper ends of their forecast ranges, supported by continued repurchases. Margin erosion or rising diluted shares would disconfirm the outlook by FY2027.4
Positive revenue growth is needed to keep the reset from becoming an earnings contraction.1
A rising denominator would reduce earnings per share even if net income holds.4
Lower pricing or higher costs would compress profit before buybacks can help each share.
| $220.32B |
| $226.93B |
| $233.74B |
| Operating income | $81.38B | $83.42B | $85.92B | $88.50B | $91.16B |
| NOPAT | $64.18B | $65.79B | $67.77B | $69.80B | $71.90B |
| Residual cash after reinvestment policy | $64.18B | $65.79B | $67.77B | $69.80B | $71.90B |
| Revenue growth | 14.4% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 3.0% |
| Operating margin | 39.0% | 39.0% | 39.0% | 39.0% | 39.0% |
| Tax rate | 21.1% | 21.1% | 21.1% | 21.1% | 21.1% |
| Reinvestment rate | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Terminal growth | 3.0% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 3.0% |
| Diluted shares | 2.70B | 2.63B | 2.56B | 2.48B | 2.42B |
| EPS | $23.92 | $25.01 | $26.57 | $28.23 | $30.00 |
| Net margin | 31.0% | 30.7% | 30.8% | 30.9% | 31.0% |
| Implied net income | $64.69B | $65.74B | $67.91B | $70.15B | $72.46B |
| Margin |
|---|
| JPM | JPMorgan Chase & Co. | $953.3B | 14.5x | 5.1x | 17.8% | — | |
| V | Visa Inc. | 25.0x | 15.7x | 22.5x | 61.2% | 66.1% | |
| MA | Mastercard Incorporated | 25.2x | 14.5x | 23.4x | 241.2% | 61.1% | |
| BAC | Bank of America Corporation | 11.8x | 3.8x | 11.2% | 38.3% | ||
| WFC | Wells Fargo & Company | 11.4x | 3.3x | 12.6% | 37.4% |
